
Tlatelolco
A former center of government, Tlatelolco was a twin to Tenochtitlan, a friend and a foe, a companion in trade, construction, power, and religion; both were totally eclipsed following the Spanish Conquest. Many impressive remains are on view in their original location and in the site museum.
The Mexica city of Tlatelolco was founded in around 1338, according to the chronicles, following a separation between the Tenochca group, who remained in Tenochtitlan, and the Tlatelolca group who sought a place to settle further north. It enjoyed independence until 1473, when it ceased waging wars against the Mexica and instead came to depend on them. Its vast marketplace became the trading hub for both islands—now joined on friendly terms—as well as for the Triple Alliance, a strategic partnership that consisted of Tenochtitlan, Texcoco, and Tlacopan (Tacuba).
In contrast to the four districts of its neighbors, Tlatelolco was divided into 19 areas (including the formidable Tepiton), and these bore evidence of the city’s cosmopolitan nature, owing in part to the many merchants who came here from far-off lands, as well as to the industrious Pochteca class of merchants who had their own sets of laws, their own ruler, and organized expeditions to the northern deserts, down to the Soconusco, and all the way to modern-day Nicaragua.
The archeological area of Tlatelolco contains magnificent monuments: the Templo Mayor (Great Temple) of Tlatelolco, whose ruins correspond to its second phase of construction but was possibly even taller than its counterpart in Tenochtitlan. There is also the Complejo de los Vientos ("Complex of the Winds"), crowned by a shrine to Ehecatl-Quetzalcoatl, twinning it with the teocalli pyramids of the Templo Mayor and Tenayuca; child burial sites were discovered here too, complete with offerings of ceramic figurines that look like toys. Other notable monuments include the Templo de las Pinturas ("Temple of the Paintings"), whose facades, panels, and structures encircling it and flanking the steps all still show the remains of murals; the Coatepantli (wall of serpents), and two tzompantlis or walls of skulls. There is also the burial site of 45 victims of the war with the people of Tenochtitlan, including “the lovers of Tlatelolco”—a man and woman locked in an eternal embrace.
The site museum, La Caja de Agua, is located at one end of the Santa Cruz monastery, adjacent to the church of Santiago Tlatelolco (both constructed by reusing stones from the teocalli). On display in this museum are ceramic items and stone sculptures found in the ancient city, as well as the monastery’s old cistern—“la caja de agua”—with traces of the first fresco to be painted in New Spain (1536).
- Dirección de la Zona Arqueológica y Museo de SitioEdwina Villegas Gómezedwina_villegas@inah.gob.mx+52 (55) 5782 2240Administración de la Zona Arqueológico y Museo de SitioGladys Olivia Tenango Salgadogladys_tenango@inah.gob.mx+52 (55) 5782 2240Difusión CulturalSusana Padilla Coronadosusana_padilla@inah.gob.mx+52 (55) 5782 2240
Templo de Ehécatl-Quetzalcóatl
It is a mixed plan structure, that is, the main body is circular in shape and the rectangular façade with lateral alfardas that support the access stairway, which is oriented to the east.
It is a mixed plan structure, that is, the main body is circular in shape and the rectangular façade with lateral alfardas that support the access stairway, which is oriented to the east. During the explorations from 1964 to 1968, more than 200 bodies of sacrificed subjects were found on the access platform. They also found remains of laminated wood, tejamanil, which was placed on top of the whole complex to later lay the new floor with which the great ceremonial complex was sealed, as well as painted gourds and human remains with evidence of decapitation, mutilations and cremation of immolated beings so that Ehecatl would put an end to the evils that devastated the Mexica people.
Between 1987 and 1989 an excavation was carried out along the land in front of the main platform and 41 burials and 54 offerings were discovered, including infants inside pots with ceramic figurines, as well as stone, shell, wood, among other objects. This set was offered to the god of the wind, Ehécatl-Quetzalcóatl, to request his intervention during the drought that devastated the population between 1454 and 1458.
Templo "M" o Calendárico
It owes its name to the petroglyphs carved in the niches of its secondary facades, which represent the count of the days, ordered by thirtieths, corresponding to the ritual calendar or Tonalpohualli.
It owes its name to the petroglyphs carved in the niches of its secondary facades, which represent the count of the days, ordered by thirtieths, corresponding to the ritual calendar or Tonalpohualli. In 1989, in the center of the main façade, a mural painting was discovered representing the time-creating couple, Cipactónal and Oxomoco. This one contains the 13 days of the fourth trecena, which, together with the other three facades, forms the total representation of 52 days, perhaps manifesting the count of the 52 years that made up a Mexica century or Xiuhmolpilli.
The investigation of the temple, its mural paintings and the associated offerings allow us to propose that it was used by the Mexica priest called Tonalpouhque, who had the knowledge of the sacred books and who could determine the name of the newborns from the gifts of the gods that governed the year, the month and the day thanks to the Tonalpohualli.
Edificio "W" o El Palacio
It is a complex composed of four small rooms and a central courtyard with an altar attached to the north wall. Remains of the pilasters that formed a wide portal are also preserved, as well as two access stairways, divided by a central dado decorated with tezontle nails.
It is a complex composed of four small rooms and a central courtyard with an altar attached to the north wall. Remains of the pilasters that formed a wide portal are also preserved, as well as two access stairways, divided by a central dado decorated with tezontle nails.
Templo "L" o de las Pinturas
Its architecture presents the model of talud-tablero of Teotihuacan influence, identical to the “red temples” of the archaeological zone of the Templo Mayor of Tenochtitlan. Its platform is higher than the steps of the staircase of the main façade, which is oriented to the east.
Its architecture presents the model of talud-tablero of Teotihuacan influence, identical to the “red temples” of the archaeological zone of the Templo Mayor of Tenochtitlan. Its platform is higher than the steps of the staircase of the main façade, which is oriented to the east. The three remaining facades are decorated with reliefs that represent banners as bows and remains of the mural painting that decorated the facades, boards and alfardas are preserved. Apparently, this building was dedicated to Xochipilli. To the south is Temple X with the same orientation and a wider façade, unfortunately we have no information about its original use.
Templo Mayor tlatelolca etapa II
This building is identical in size, orientation and architecture to the Templo Mayor of Tenayuca and Tenochtitlan, which in its same stage preserves part of the shrines dedicated to Tlaloc and Huitzilopochtli.
This building is identical in size, orientation and architecture to the Templo Mayor of Tenayuca and Tenochtitlan, which in its same stage preserves part of the shrines dedicated to Tlaloc and Huitzilopochtli. The name is due to the fact that it is the main temple within the Mexica ceremonial precinct. It was dedicated to Huitzilopochtli, whose shrine was located in the southern half of the building, and to Tlaloc, who was worshiped in the northern half.
The Great Temple of Tlatelolco was built from a platform from which four staggered and superimposed pyramidal bodies were deployed, on top of which stood the shrines of each deity. In the lateral and back facades of the building a series of glyphs carved in stone can be appreciated, one hundred decorating the side of Huitzilopochtli and fifty that of Tláloc. Like the Templo Mayor of Tenochtitlan, the Tlatelolco Temple has seven complete construction stages and two extensions of its main facade, as evidenced by the stairways distributed one after another and oriented to the west.
Templo "I" o Gran Basamento
Also known as Gran Basamento, it is located northwest of the Templo Mayor Tlatelolca. It is a rectangular building built entirely with pink quarry, unlike the rest of the buildings in the area.
Also known as Gran Basamento, it is located northwest of the Templo Mayor Tlatelolca. It is a rectangular building built entirely with pink quarry, unlike the rest of the buildings in the area. Temple I was discovered in 1962 by archaeologist Francisco Gonzalez Rul, who was unable to explore its interior, and was subsequently excavated between 2007 and 2009, when remains of a possible earlier construction stage and more than a hundred burials belonging to a later time, clearly arranged, were detected. The location and architecture of the Great Basement suggest that it may have been dedicated to the Tlatelolca military elite, like the House of the Eagles in Tenochtitlan.
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