The Revolutionary Convention relocated from Mexico City to Aguascalientes but was rejected by Venustiano Carranza, who established his own government in Veracruz. This marked the beginning of the Factional Struggle, which ended with the defeat of the Conventionists—supporters of the Sovereign Revolutionary Convention—backed by leaders like Pancho Villa and Emiliano Zapata.

In September 1916, Carranza called for elections to form a Constituent Congress, as outlined in the revised Plan of Guadalupe of 1914. Its mission was to reform the 1857 Constitution. The Commission tasked with reviewing Carranza’s proposal included deputies such as Enrique Colunga, Luis G. Monzón, and Francisco J. Múgica, who introduced bolder social reforms to the president’s draft.

The result was the groundbreaking Political Constitution of the United Mexican States, signed on February 5, 1917. Key articles included:

• Article 3: Mandatory, free, and secular education
• Article 27: National ownership of subsoil rights and recognition of communal and ejido lands
• Article 115: Autonomy of local municipalities
• Article 123: Labor rights and regulations for workers
• Article 130: Definition of the relationship between church and state

This Constitution remains in force today.