
Malinalco
This site is unique in Mesoamerica, as it was carved in one piece out of an enormous rock on the edge of a cliff for military initiation purposes. The site was created by the Mexica not long before the Spanish conquest, and is dedicated to the initiation of Eagle and Jaguar-Ocelot warriors. It contains splendid sculptures of these symbols.
Originally a Matlatzinca city, Malinalco was conquered by the Mexica in approximately 1476. It served as a checkpoint for trade routes, a garrison and a point for protecting an important aqueduct to Tenochtitlan. Besides training and consecrating elite warriors, it was a sanctuary to the cult of war gods, as well as agricultural deities. Its name could refer to Malinalxóchitl (“the place where Malinalxóchitl lives," “where she is worshipped” or in turn “flower of the plant for making rope," “the malinalli flower”) goddess of witchcraft and fateful divination, sister of Huitzilopochtli and Coyolxauhqui.
Inhabited since before the current era, it received influence from Teotihuacan (only recognizable from pottery remains) and then benefited from and partially controlled trade with Tierra Caliente (the current states of Morelos and Guerrero) and the Central Mexican Plateau. The ritual practice of human sacrifice performed on warriors captured in the “xochiyáoyotl” or “flower war” seems to have been important here.
Its most noteworthy monuments are in the Cuauhtinchan (“eagle’s aerie”) complex, which is the best-preserved portion. The monolithic temple known as the Cuauhtinchan, which was engraved to celebrate military rituals, stands out among the carved buildings, as it is the only one of its kind in Mesoamerica. The settlement has a complicated layout, and this appears to have been for the purposes of defense. Councils of war were undoubtedly held in one of its structures.
For its part, the Cuauhcalli (“house of the eagles”), also called Temple I or the Monolithic Temple owing to its having been carved out of solid rock, was the setting for military and probably religious gatherings. Its roof has been reconstructed from local materials such as palm and timber, recreating the original on the basis of details of clay statuettes found in the archeological zone as well as the post holes and rainwater channels carved from the rock of the building itself. It has a staircase flanked with two ocelot sculptures and a third one in the center (which probably served as a banner stand), as well as runoff channels to protect the building from the rain. Its main door is in the shape of the jaws of a serpent which represents the Earth Monster. On the floor outside the door, we can also see a carving of a forked tongue, in front of which there is an opening for depositing offerings. This door leads to an area surrounded by a circular walkway, on which we observe the figure of an ocelot and two eagles with their wings spread as if in flight. However, these actually represent fine rugs, because their claws are stretched behind them and not below the body. In the case of the ocelot, its paws are in a similar pose: open and not about to pounce. There is an eagle with its wings tucked behind it in the middle of the sanctuary, behind which is a hole for depositing the ritual blood offering.
It is believed that the remains of warriors who had fallen in battle were cremated in Building III or Tzinacalli (“house of the burners”).
Letters written by Hernán Cortés mention that, in 1521, he entrusted Captain Andrés de Tapia with conquering and bringing to heel the Mexica garrison and population of Malinalco, after which the survivors were then handed over in tribute.
The site was first explored in 1905, the results of which were described by Doctor Francisco Plancarte y Navarrete, the second bishop of Cuernavaca, who believed that Malinalco had been dedicated to the cult of Xiuhtecuhtli, the god of fire. A second exploration led by the archeologist Enrique Juan Palacio in 1925 gave a clearer idea of the size and importance of the zone. Recent explorations and systematic excavations conducted by the INAH have shed a great deal of light on this surprising site.
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Estructura I. Cuauhcalli
At the foot of the entrance to the temple there is a huge forked tongue.
At the foot of the entrance to the temple there is a huge forked tongue. To the east of the door we can appreciate the beautiful sculpture of the head of a serpent of warlike character on which rest the remains of the statue of a warrior, and to the west there is another sculpture in the form of an enormous pedestal, symbolizing a tlalpanpanhuehuetl (war drum), on which are the remains of the sculpture of another warrior: apparently, both pieces functioned as standard bearers. As in other Mexica buildings, the orifice of the serpent's mouth served as the entrance to the enclosure, with the difference that the temple of Malincalco added a special drama thanks to the fact that the enormous forked tongue of the serpent served as an entrance mat.
The interior of the temple is extraordinary. On the floor there is a kind of bench that surrounds the space in the form of a hemicycle, where two eagles are located and, between them, an ocelot. In the center of the enclosure there is another eagle with the same attitude as the previous ones and, behind it, a round hole where possibly the heart of the sacrificed was deposited. In general terms, this temple served as a stage to carry out the initiation ceremonies of the eagle and jaguar warriors, hence the predominance of sculptures of these animals. However, there is a third figure that is of fundamental importance here: the serpent.
Estructura II
It is a truncated pyramid oriented to the west, with a single staircase with alfardas. It is built of stone and covered with a layer of stucco.
It is a truncated pyramid oriented to the west, with a single staircase with alfardas. It is built of stone and covered with a layer of stucco.
Estructura III. Tzinacalli (en la casa de los quemadores)
This interesting construction covered with stucco consists of two rooms: the first rectangular and the second circular. At the entrance of the first one there are a pair of pillars that supported the lintels, the façade and the roof.
This interesting construction covered with stucco consists of two rooms: the first rectangular and the second circular. At the entrance of the first one there are a pair of pillars that supported the lintels, the façade and the roof. Around this room, which was originally decorated with a mural painting, there is a wide bench or platform that runs along its east, west and north sides, where it divides in the center to form the entrance to the second enclosure: the circular one, in which, like the previous one, there is an altar badly destroyed by fire. Both to the east and west of these temples it is possible to notice remains of rooms that must have served as residence. It is believed that the cremation festivities of the members of the military organization who died or were taken prisoner on the battlefield were held inside them.
Estructura IV. Templo del Sol
It is a large rectangular semi-monolithic structure with the characteristics of a platform. In the center of this large room are two elongated monolithic bases in the form of sarcophagi, which served as a base for the wooden pillars to support the roof.
It is a large rectangular semi-monolithic structure with the characteristics of a platform. In the center of this large room are two elongated monolithic bases in the form of sarcophagi, which served as a base for the wooden pillars to support the roof. It is believed that in this place the netonatiuhzaualiztli, that is to say, the great feast of the Sun, was held every 260 days.
Estructura V. Temalácatl (La piedra del sacrifico gladiatorio)
It is very small, its diameter barely exceeds 2 meters, and stands on a platform. Its plan is circular and made of masonry. It was almost completely destroyed.
It is very small, its diameter barely exceeds 2 meters, and stands on a platform. Its plan is circular and made of masonry. It was almost completely destroyed.
Estructura VI
It was under construction when the Spaniards arrived, which is why it was never finished. Apparently, the intention was to build a round monument. Some of the flint chisels used for its construction were found among the rubble.
It was under construction when the Spaniards arrived, which is why it was never finished. Apparently, the intention was to build a round monument. Some of the flint chisels used for its construction were found among the rubble.
Estructura VII
In the highest part of the hill of the idols, on an artificial platform, there are pyramidal foundations, remains of rooms and walls. In this site a stone sculpture of Ehécatl-Quetzalcóatl, god of the wind, was found, as well as funerary urns in the form of a cylinder.
In the highest part of the hill of the idols, on an artificial platform, there are pyramidal foundations, remains of rooms and walls. In this site a stone sculpture of Ehécatl-Quetzalcóatl, god of the wind, was found, as well as funerary urns in the form of a cylinder.
Estructura IX
It is a small quadrangular room located in the upper part of the monolithic temple; it is estimated that it must have been used as a room for a priest.
It is a small quadrangular room located in the upper part of the monolithic temple; it is estimated that it must have been used as a room for a priest.
Estructura X
They are the remains of another small habitational foundation to which the monolithic staircase located on the west side of the temple leads.
They are the remains of another small habitational foundation to which the monolithic staircase located on the west side of the temple leads.
Estructura XI
Rectangular structure with remains of very narrow walls, which at some point were walled up. It is considered that it could have been used as a granary or weapons store.
Rectangular structure with remains of very narrow walls, which at some point were walled up. It is considered that it could have been used as a granary or weapons store.
The Cuauhtinchan and the Cuauhcalli, destiny and culmination of the Mexica military elite, guardians of the sun’s eternal return






