This gallery displays large paintings that reflect the early artistic development of the city. Between the 17th and 18th centuries, foreign painters such as Simón Pereyns, Luis Lagarto, Diego de Borgraf, and Pedro García Ferrer, as well as New Spanish artists Cristóbal de Villalpando, Juan Correa, and Miguel Cabrera, settled in Puebla. Here, they worked on numerous ecclesiastical and civil commissions, marking a trend in the local artistic production.

The artistic consolidation of Pascual Pérez, Juan de Villalobos, José del Castillo, Luis Berrueco, and Juan Correa (most of them from Puebla) marked the end of the 17th and early 18th-century style. These artists painted for temples and convents according to the devotional practices of each order; for instance, images of Saint Rita of Cascia and Saint Thomas of Villanova were commonly seen in Augustinian convents, while Saint Catherine and Saint Thomas Aquinas were typical in those of Santa Catalina.

Advancing into the 18th century, José Patricio Polo, José Ortiz, Miguel Cabrera, José de Páez, Andrés López, and Miguel Jerónimo de Zendejas abandoned the chiaroscuro technique and incorporated softer colors into their compositions. Zendejas' series on the life of Saint Augustine showed this chromatic transition.